Rozprawy Naukowe 42 - 2013, 3-11

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(NIE)PRZYGOTOWANIE STUDENTÓW WYCHOWANIA FIZYCZNEGO DO REALIZACJI PRAKTYK PEDAGOGICZNYCH

Michał Bronikowski, Adam Kantanista

PE students’ preparation (or its lack) for physical education teaching apprenticeships
Background. Before introducing changes into study programs one needs to recognize areas of strengths and weaknesses in current practice. In the case of physical education, school apprenticeship is one of the critical elements of pre-service teachers’ preparation. The aim of the study was to measure the level of physical education students and teachers in terms of their practical preparation for school teaching. Material and methods. In the design of the study an action research model has been employed. For collecting data a self-designed questionnaire was developed including questions in three areas: organizational, didactic and socio-cultural, using 5-point Likert scale. A sample of 128 second-year students of phy­sical education (62 female and 66 male students) and a sample of 44 PE teachers (16 men and 28 women) were examined. Results. Both the students and pre-service teachers indicated the lowest competence in organizational aspects while the highest one in socio-cultural aspects. Whereas in-service PE teachers assessed their highest competence in organizational aspects. Generally, in-service teachers’ self-evaluation was higher than the students’ one in all aspects. Conclusions. Findings showed which areas need stronger emphasis during the course of studies before students are sent to school for teacher appren­ticeship. A dissonance between the examined in-service teachers’ high self-evaluation and rather inadequate tutoring of students during school teacher apprenticeship reported in other research studies is worth testing in more in-depth studies.

Key words: physical education, teaching, pre-service and in-service PE teachers, competences
Słowa kluczowe: wychowanie fizyczne, nauczanie, przygotowanie na­uczy­cieli i studentów wychowania fizycznego, kompetencje

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Rozprawy Naukowe 42 - 2013, 12-19

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wydolnośĆ beztlenowa a wybrane zdolności piłkarzy nożnych

Michał Polczyk

Relationships between anaerobic endurance and selected football skills
Background. The purpose of this study was to establish a relationship between anaerobic performance and some selected football skills. Material and methods. Fifteen healthy football players (22.3 ± 4.2 years; height 176.5 ± 5.76 cm; body mass 76.1 ± 5.37 kg) par­ticipated in the experiment. Anaerobic work and maximal anaerobic power were assessed in repeated trials on the cycle ergometer. Measured parameters were: maximum power (Pmax), time to reach Pmax [s], hold time Pmax [s], a number of accomplished repetitions (without decline in Pmax) and total work [kJ]. Football skills (technical, tactical, activity during the match and decision making) underwent the coach’s subjective assessment. Results and conclusion. The results showed a significant relationship between hold time Pmax and total work for the chosen football skills. These results provide a series of signi­fi­cant evidence that phosphate abilities affect the competitive level of football players.

Key words: anaerobic endurance, phosphates, football
Słowa kluczowe: wytrzymałość beztlenowa, piłka nożna

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Rozprawy Naukowe 42 - 2013, 20-28

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Sprawność działań ofensywnych zawodników o najwyższych kompetencjach sportowych

Bartosz Dolański

Efficiency of offensive actions of highly proficient footballers
Background. The aim of this paper was to create cognitive models reflecting the efficiency of actions of players in individual positions existing in a modern system of play organization on the basis of a praxeological theory of team sport games. Furthermore, an attempt was made to determine the efficiency of individual and team actions of the studied teams according to the current player’s position. Material and methods. The research material consisted of 21 semi-final and final matches played during the most important football tournaments in the years 2002–2008. Actions of 26 teams playing in the 1–4–2–3–1 system of play organization were analysed. Results. It was found that the efficiency of actions of individual footballers playing according to a certain system of play organization is dependent on the position in the formation. Conclusions. Patterns of efficiency of actions of footballers playing in parti­cular positions should be used to create models of play for lower level players.

Key words: football players, efficiency of actions, observation of games
Słowa kluczowe: piłkarze, skuteczność działania, obserwacja gry

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Rozprawy Naukowe 42 - 2013, 29-35

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Sprawność działania zespołów w mistrzostwach świata RPA 2010 z uwzględnieniem systemów gry

Andrzej Soroka

The efficiency of football teams in the 2010 Football World Cup in South Africa including systems of play
Background. The aim of the study was to develop cognitive models of efficiency of male footballers during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In addition, this study tried to determine the efficiency level of shots and passes of the ball based on: activity, efficiency and reliability of players’ actions. Material and methods. While developing play models, the author used materials collected on the basis of the system of analysing players’ performance, so-called the Castrol Performance Index. It includes the performances of all 599 players who parti­cipated in the tournament. The univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) for individual classi­fication was used in statistical analysis. The post-hoc test was applied when significant diffe­rences occurred. Results. Among the teams playing in the three systems of play analysed here, there were no essential differences in the efficiency of shots to the goal. However, significant differences appeared in activity (p = 0.006), efficiency (p = 0.008) and reliability (p = 0.049) in passing the ball between the teams using the 1–4–2–3–1 system and those pre­ferring the 1–4–4–2 system. The significant difference was also found in higher frequency of passes of footballers playing the 1-4-2-3-1 system when compared to the teams using the 1–4–3–3 system. Additionally, in certain lengths of passes appeared similar dependencies. The key element in the 1–4–2–3–1 system is arranging the team in 5 lines, which results in significant number of passes made. It favours a combinatorial play, thus providing an oppor­tunity to exchange a great number of passes, especially of short and medium lengths.

Key words: operational efficiency, the World Cup, football
Słowa kluczowe: sprawność działania, mistrzostwa świata, piłka nożna

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Rozprawy Naukowe 42 - 2013, 36-43

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Sprawność działania bramkarzy piłki nożnej w zespołach efektywnych sportowo

Andrzej Szwarc, Michał Chamera

Efficiency of goalkeepers’ actions in technically proficient soccer teams
The aim of this study was to present a model which shows the efficiency of the goalkeepers’ actions in soccer based on observations of 12 direct elimination matches during the 2010 World Cup, the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations and the 2011 Copa America. Data was recorded on obser­vational sheet template designed by the author. Goalkeepers’ actions, efficiency and reliability, during both offensive and defensive actions, were subject to examination. The study found that during offensive actions, for goalkeepers the most effective actions are those of taking control of the field of play and keeping possession of the ball. Whereas creating a goal scoring opportunity represents only a small percentage of their actions. Defensive actions are generally performed individually by goalkeepers and they are the most reliable while catching the ball.

Key words: soccer, goalkeeper, observation of play, efficiency of actions
Słowa kluczowe: piłka nożna, bramkarz, obserwacja gry, sprawność działania

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Rozprawy Naukowe 42 - 2013, 44-61

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Sprawność działania koszykarzy zespołów efektywnych sportowo z uwzględnieniem pozycji zajmowanych w grze

Andrzej Szwarc, Izabela Lekner, Patrycja Lipińska

The efficiency of action of the top level basketball players with regard to the player position
Background. The aim of the study was to describe models of the efficiency of basketball players playing at different positions in the top sports teams based on observation in direct elimination matches of the 2010 World Championships. Material and methods. An obser­vation method was used in the study. Data was recorded on the authors’ observation sheets. Activity, efficiency and reliability during both offensive and defensive actions were subject to this examination. The play of basketball players was analysed in 7 basketball direct elimi­nation matches of the World Championships. Results. It was revealed that most actions of the point guard (taking into account activity and efficiency) are aimed at handling and passing the ball, creating scoring opportunities and executing 3-point throws. 3 points are also often scored by the shooting guard and the power forward. On the other hand – the center and the power forward are especially active in creating scoring opportunities and in scoring 2 points. The power forward, the small forward, the shooting guard and the point guard prevent from losing 3 points. In the actions preparing for the situation to score a point and in actions pre­venting situations to score a point players of different positions perform a similar activity of action. Conclusions. Detailed analysis of actions applied in the game may indicate diffe­rences in the performance among players of different positions, implying the appropriate selection of individual training.

Key words: basketball, position in game, observation, praxeology, efficiency of action
Słowa kluczowe: koszykówka, pozycja w grze, obserwacja, prakseologia, sprawność działania

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Rozprawy Naukowe 42 - 2013, 62-70

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Potencjał synergiczny w tworzeniu sytuacji do zdobycia punktu w siatkówce plażowej mężczyzn

Tomasz Seweryniak, Rafał Szuliński

Synergistic potential in creating situations to score a point in men’s beach volleyball
Background. The article concerns high level beach volleyball players’ actions and in par­ti­cular the issues of evaluation. The main object of the analysis is the setting which seems to be an action that can increase the efficiency of the attack. It was assumed that setting skills are very important part of synergistic potential of players. Material and methods. In process of evaluation an original method of observation and a modern approach based on the eva­luation criteria of players’ skills proposed by Panfil was used. The study was based on three criteria: correctness, diversity and flexibility. Research materials were the recordings of 12 men’s beach volleyball matches played during the top international tournaments of the 2011 and 2012 FIVB Beach Volleyball SWATCH World Tour. Results. We recorded the number of actions, average level of correctness, diversity and flexibility for each of the selected 20 players. Flexibility was determined by two indexes: dependent flexibility and independent flexibility. Conclusions. It is essential to provide important aspects of the game characteristics and prepare hints for the training process designed for top beach volleyball teams, based on the solutions used by the best teams in the world. Additionally, the paper discussed and verified new tools that expand the general criteria of players’ skills evaluation proposed by Panfil specifically to beach volleyball.

Key words: beach volleyball, correctness, diversity, flexibility, players’ actions, ball setting
Słowa kluczowe: siatkówka plażowa, poprawność, zróżnicowanie, elastyczność, działania graczy, wystawienie piłki do ataku

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Rozprawy Naukowe 42 - 2013, 71-79

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Skuteczność działań podczas rozgrywania stałych fragmentów gry na przykładzie zawodniczek najwyższego poziomu sportowego w tenisie

Mieczysław Lewandowski, Łukasz Świst

Effective strategies for playing set pieces on the example of top elite tennis players
Background. Tactics is a crucial part of the game at all levels of play, but it seems of absolute importance at a professional level. In fact, among the reasons why top players have improved their game so much during the last few years have been both their ability to analyze their opponents and their adeptness at applying all of the tactical concepts them have learned in the match play. This is what the authors call “tactical maturity”. The goal of this study is to find a new way of the tennis game observation. Material and methods. The observation data were collected from the game between Maria Sharapowa and Agnieszka Radwanska who met in the final of the Indian Wells played in Miami in 2012. A research tool was a data registration checklist designed by the authors which included the description of the chosen variables and criteria enabling their quantification. The collected results were presented in tables and indexes. Results. The criteria proposed in the sheet included the game situation, which enables players to create point-scoring situations by applying: 1. tac­tical actions to achieve various point-scoring situations, 2. a vast variety of strokes to win the point or create a point-scoring situation, 3. creation of the game in the point position (spatial flexibility). Hence, the player should be taught such efficient activities during the game. Conclusion. Nowadays, players who play tennis at the world top level are characterized by a high level of game situation oriented on scoring the point in the first shot, or in the next one.

Key words: criteria of the ability, variety, flexibility, risk, strategy, game analysis, efficiency
Słowa kluczowe: wybór, elastyczność, ryzyko, strategia, analiza gry, skuteczność

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Rozprawy Naukowe 42 - 2013, 80-92

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Efektywność metody analizy śladów w kształtowaniu wyobrażenia motorycznego o technice jazdy narciarza zjazdowego

Urszula Szczepanik

The effectiveness of the method of snow ski track analysis in motor imagination of downhill skiers
Background. It has not been examined whether the information transmitted to the student on the tracks affects the establishment and the evolution of skiing technique imagination, and thus on the effectiveness of the teaching and learning of skiing. Material and methods. The aim of the study was to explain the relationship between the effectiveness of the methods of analysing snow ski tracks and evolution of motor imagination of the downhill skier. The main testing method was a pedagogic experiment. Results. The average values of consecutive measurements of snow ski track indicators have an increasing tendency, compatible with the learning curve. Indicators of subsequent ski track trials showed average values higher than the previous ones. Conclusions. It can be concluded that the sample group in the experiment have learned the skills of analysing snow ski tracks. It was also found that the ability to analyse snow ski tracks highly affects the development of motor imagination of the technique of downhill skiing.

Key words: motor imagines, downhill skiing, didactics, snow tracks
Słowa kluczowe: aktywność fizyczna, sporty zimowe, wyobrażenia motoryczne

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Rozprawy Naukowe 42 - 2013, 93-102

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Ocena sprawności specjalnej zawodników w rugby na wózkach

Bartosz Bolach, Krystian Malec

Assessment of special fitness of wheelchair rugby players

Background. Wheelchair rugby is one of most spectacular team games meant for people with cervical spinal cord injury. Lately this sport has been gaining popularity. In order to esti­mate progress of players and analyze effects of training, coaches use various series of tests of special physical fitness. The aim of this study was to evaluate skills of wheel­chair rugby players depending on their functional classification expressed in points and the years they play this sport. Material and methods. A group of 35 wheelchair rugby players were recruited for the study. The players participate in the Polish Wheelchair Rugby League (PLRnW) com­pe­titions in teams: Flying Wings Rzeszów. Brave Snails Lublin and Garbate Anioły Radom. The subjects were divided into four groups according to their functional classification in wheel­chair rugby: 1st group – 0.5 and 1.0 point players (n = 9 ), 2nd group – 1.5 point (n = 8), 3rd group – 2.0 and 2.5 point (n = 11 ), and 4th group – 3.0 and 3.5 point (n = 7). The wheel­chair rugby players participated in 4 special physical fitness tests: six-minute Cooper test, 20 m sprint, slalom with the ball, medicine ball throw. Results and conclusions. Results of the per­formed tests showed a strict correlation between the results achieved in tests of special physical fitness and the players’ functional classification. No strict correlation between the results achieved in tests of special physical fitness and the years of playing sport was found.

Key words: special physical fitness, sport for the disabled, wheelchair rugby
Słowa kluczowe: sprawność spoecjalna, sport niepełnosprawnych, rugby na wózkach

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Rozprawy Naukowe 42 - 2013, 103-108

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Poziom aktywności fizycznej osób z dysfunkcją narządu wzroku a zagrożenie chorobami cywilizacyjnymi – przegląd literatury

Barbara Rosołek, Krystyna Gawlik

Physical activity level of the visually impaired and the risk of lifestyle diseases – review

Background. Lack of vision and the fear of moving often associated with it predispose people to a sedentary lifestyle. A low level of physical activity may contribute to increase the pre­valence of lifestyle diseases and deteriorate the quality of blind people’s life. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the level of physical activity and to enumerate the risks of lifestyle diseases of visually impaired people on the basis of literature and magazines published in English. Methods. By means of Medline browser a review of research publications in English language was made which included magazines issued after 2000 that concerned the level of physical activity and the incidence of lifestyle diseases. Results. Only five articles regarding the level of physical activity of people with visual impairment were found. In this review there were included three papers concerning the level of physical activity of visually impaired children and teenagers. The problem of lifestyle diseases was mentioned only in four articles. Con­clusions. 1. Visually impaired people are characterized by a low level of physical activity. 2. The frequency of lifestyle diseases occurrence is higher in comparison with the general population. 3. There is a necessity to introduce educational programs that promote healthy lifestyle, including physical activity.

Key words: visually impaired, physical activity, lifestyle diseases
Słowa kluczowe: niedowidzący, aktywność fizyczna, choroby cywilizacyjne

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