Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 3-6

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Standardy kształcenia – krok w przód czy krok w tył?

Stefan Größing

Education Standards – a step ahead or one backward?
Undoubtedly, the school subject called “Sport” has an educational objective. Yet, the question whether in order to set this task and complete it in class the notion of “education standards” is necessary, and primarily whether this phrase will practically support this subject, seems justified. The notion of “education standard” has been introduced in relation to school theo­retical subjects for comparative purposes between the EU states (PISA studies). It did not pertain to PE classes, however, Physical Education teachers in Germany and in Austria joined this process without any deeper analysis. The present paper first gives a short insight into the discussion and education standards in school sport in Germany and Austria. It also presents the concept of sports classes oriented in this manner with the use of an example and it focuses extensively on the threats connected with sport at school, which is sup­posed to be taught in accordance with the set education standards.

Key words: education standards, school subjects

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 7-13

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Mythos Rhythmos Halt, Fluss und Wiederkehr

Arturo Hotz

Mythical rhythm in the field of tension between stillness, movement and the initial state
The paper presents the author’s personal approach towards selected aspects of mani­fes­tation of one of the coordination abilities, namely rhythmization. Rhythm creates, orders and shapes spatial and temporal relationships. In motor action its impulse concentrates energy and adjusts it to the form of the movement. It is manifested in the form of timing. Timing controls rhythm, and rhythm develops timing. Rhythm main­tains energy expenditure in a given direction and includes pulsating elements of imbalance of this state into it, thus creating cohesion of movement. Rhythm is the key to coordination functions. Also a well selected rhythm finally leads to coherent formation of fluent balance of movement. Besides, harmony serves cohesion and not the other way round. Cohesion. Comprehensive sense of rhythm leads to showing cohesion through orien­ta­tion and as a result through diversifying integration. The concept of rhythm must be an in­dividual scaffolding of the form of movement, thus becoming an anatomy of a motor action. Eventually, motor action is formed when it is possible to integrate the function and struc­ture in the form of the technique of movement in such a manner that the form of movement presented constitutes a solution to the problem. Energy administered in time and space. Timing, the key competence of rhythmic for­mation of movement, determines its precision. Proper energy in time and point in space translates into economic control and fully dosed velocity of movement. Measure and tempo. To achieve free formation of motor activity through rhythm of still­ness and movement, tempo sets an impulse as a drive to be used in determination of measure, and subsequently its maintenance. Thanks to the measure and pace, “learning through the rhythm” becomes a sensible principle in acquisition and use of movement as such, and not only formation of the movement with music. Fascination with balance in form. Fascination with balance in an alternating game between variants of the form and permanence of the essence is through openness (freedom) and limitation (safety) of the space still arranged again. The measurable nature (or not) of balance (or not) between safety (orientation) and freedom (formation) increases or decreases the intensity of their attractiveness. Rhythm as a personality. In the type of links and the manner of connecting the elements of fluidity a specific peculiarity of the fascinating rhythm is crystallized as a motor peculiarity. And finally: The importance of rhythm convinces [us] first through unanimity in orientation marked with function, subsequently by diversification in an organized combination of struc­ture and finally also through creative integration to the task accentuated by situations and adjusting the technical form to its solution.

Key words: sports didactics, teaching movement, coordination abilities, rhythm, rhythmic

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 14-16

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O projekcie Narodowego Centrum Badania Kondycji Fizycznej

Tadeusz Maszczak

On the project of National Center for Research on Physical Fitness
In the University School of Physical Education in Warsaw the project entitled: “The Project of National Center for Research on Physical Fitness” (NCBKF) is being realized. The idea of this project comes from the long-standing tradition of national-level, population-based studies on physical development and fitness of children and adolescents, carried out by the Warsaw-based school. As a result of the studies, rich research material was gathered pertaining to the physical fitness of students in Polish schools. The project realization began in 2009, its basic functionality is expected to be achieved in 2012, whereas full functionality in 2015. The project called “Check yourself” has already been launched. This is a joint action of the University School of Physical Education in our country for the purpose of enabling auto-diagnosis in physical fitness of the largest possible number of members of Polish society. The authors of the project are convinced that realization of the NCBKF mission will result in health improvement of children, adolescents and adults and their more effective functioning in the contemporary world.

Key words: national center, physical fitness

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 17-21

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NOWA PODSTAWA PROGRAMOWA A PRZYGOTOWANIE STUDENTA DO PRACY W SZKOLE

Danuta Umiastowska

The new core curriculum vs. students’ preparation to work at school
In a changing society and in the era of ever-increasing development of technology and com­munication, the importance of human movement is being marginalised. A child’s spon­ta­neous physical activity is often suppressed and replaced by passive activities. That happens at home and school. As a consequence, the level of physical fitness and the range of motor skills are decreased. People are aware of the importance of movement for the proper functioning of human body, but not always they apply the sound rules in practice. Both the suggestions contained in the new core curriculum of a general education and the ways of implementing the contents of physical education provide the teacher with a wide range of possibilities. Thus arises the need to expand the range of competences which stu­dents will acquire during university classes. Modification of the educational content by adjusting more to the expectations of the contemporary school is one of the ways to meet this goal.

Key words: curriculum, school, students of physical education, a teacher of physical education

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 22-26

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Realizacja treści z zakresu kultury estetyki zachowań ruchowych przez studentów awf we wrocławiu podczas praktyki pedagogicznej

Magdalena Kübler, Agnieszka Wójcik-Grzyb, Halina Guła-Kubiszewska, Wojciech Starościak

Esthetics of motor behavior – how it is implemented during P.E. students’ apprenticeships
Background. The aim of this study was to identify which contents of “Skills” and “Know­ledge” sections, developing the competence of young people to participate in the culture of motor behavior aesthetics, were put into practice by teacher trainees during their school apprenticeship in secondary schools. Material and methods. The study comprised fifth-year students of the University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw who completed their teacher training in secondary schools. Research material was collected by means of a document analysis method. The P.E. class goals were analyzed with respect to the im­plementation of “Skills” and “Knowledge” tasks. Results and conclusions. During their teaching practice, the subjects carried out a few tasks which prepared young people to participate in the culture of motor behavior aesthetics, significantly more tasks developing skills rather than knowledge involved in this field. The skill-oriented tasks focused mainly on basic gymnastics and music and movement exercises, whereas the knowledge-oriented tasks included terminology on initial positions and technical exercises, information on re­gional, national and ballroom dances as well as safety and safeguard principles.

Key words: teaching practice, physical education, culture of motor behavior aesthetics

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 27-35

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Wychowanie fizyczne a kompetencje zdrowotne według opinii studentów pierwszego roku wybranych wyższych uczelni

Mirosława Śmiglewska, Mirosława Cieślicka, Andrzej Lewandowski, Błażej Stankiewicz

Physical education and health competencies in the opinion of first-year university students
Background. Political changes in Poland resulted in the inclusion of health education to school as part of a teaching process, however it was introduced officially by the 1999 education reform. Physical education became an integral part of school curricula under the name of the “pro-health” educational path. The P.E. teacher has become one of the main organizers of the tasks related to health issues. The objective of this research was to collect information to what extent physical education classes, carried out at all school education levels, contributed to the development of health competencies of the students participating in this education reform project. Material and methods. The survey comprised 128 first-year university students of both sexes attending courses in either physical education or tourism and recreation. The research regarded the Kujawsko-Pomorskie and Pomorskie provinces. A survey method was applied, and the research tool utilized was a survey questionnaire. Results. According to the research findings the most significant input into health education was provided by a university and other sources of information. The most frequently indicated area of health education carried out in schools was physical education, whereas the smallest number of responders indicated emotional health. The issue of health at physical education classes was indicated by less than half of the responders. The most frequently indicated issues were education in personal hygiene, fair play attitude, and only a small percentage of the subjects were familiarized with the rules of toughening up. Conclusion. The possibilities that physical education may give as far as the development of all areas of health is concerned were not reflected in the respondents’ opinions.

Key words: health education, physical education, students

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 36-41

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Retrospektywny obraz nauczyciela wychowania fizycznego a postawa studenta wobec aktywności fizycznej

Regina Kumala, Małgorzata Krzak

A retrospective image of the P.E. teacher versus the student’s attitude towards physical activity
Background. The authors got interested in the problem of the P.E. teacher’s role on va­rious stages of the school education, particularly the ways of forming in pupils a proper attitude towards taking up physical activity in everyday life, also after leaving school. The approach is often defined as a permanent organization of emotional, motivational and in­centive cognitive processes, associated with a given aspect of the individual’s world: in the case of this study it is motor activity. Material and methods. The research comprised 129 students of three colleges, namely: Wroclaw University, University School of Physical Edu­cation in Wroclaw and The Witelon University of Applied Sciences in Legnica, who as re­presentatives of the selected age group, thanks to their retrospective look at the image of P.E. teacher from years of their compulsory education, may become sources in invaluable knowledge about the role of the teacher with reference to the forming of such attitudes towards taking the physical activity in their daily living. The diagnostic survey was used, i.e. a questionnaire designed by the authors. Results. Only Wroclaw University students had a negative image of their P.E. lessons, which resulted in lower physical activity. Students of the other two schools liked their P.E. lessons and indicated relax and pleasure as the main motives of taking up physical activities. Conclusions. The study confirmed the importance of the P.E. teacher for the future attitude towards physical activity.

Key words: P.E. teacher, attitude towards physical activity

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 42-48

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Wizerunek instruktora aktywności fizycznej według opinii słuchaczy Uniwersytetu Trzeciego Wieku

Łukasz Koper, Marta Koszczyc

The image of physical activity trainer in the opinions of the students of the University of the Third Age
Background. Physical education teachers are traditionally associated with physical edu­cation as a school subject. Questions as to their competences, personalities, and roles in the education process are being continuously raised. It must be taken into account that trainers of physical activity in environments different from the traditional one – e.g. in a fit­ness club – bear great responsibility for preparing their students for participation in physical culture, as well. Teachers’ personality traits along with their moral code are to constitute a crucial element in the creation of the model of physical education teacher. It must be em­phasized that due to the ever changing conditions and new challenges that contemporary physical education teachers must face, the aforementioned model needs to be particu­larized because of the specific conditions it is to meet. Different needs will be postulated by learners due to their age, former experience and skills. Material and methods. The aim of the research was a study of opinions of the students of the University of the Third Age of the University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw. The study involved 50 persons. The L.K./2001 Questionnaire was utilized. Conclusions. During their physical activities the students of the University of the Third Age would like to meet professional, reliable and cultured trainers capable of a just and objective progress assessment. Values such as res­ponsibility, wisdom, knowledge, and tolerance ought to be some of the priorities.

Key words: physical education teacher, physical activity of older people

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 49-56

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postawy studentów awf we wrocławiu wobec osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną

Wojciech Wiliński, Rafał Świerczek, Marta Wieczorek

Attitudes represented by students of University School of Physical Education in Wrocław towards people with intellectual disabilities
Background. The objective of the paper was to determine attitudes represented by stu­dents of the following fields of study: Physical Education and Physiotherapy at the Uni­ver­sity School of Physical Education in Wrocław towards people with intellectual disabilities. Material and methods. The respondents (N = 167) completed a modified (the notion: a disabled person/invalid and a handicapped person was replaced by one term: a person with intellectual disabilities) version of Scale of Attitudes towards the Handicapped by A.E. Sękowski. The obtained results have undergone a two-way ANOVA statistical ana­ly­sis based on the following design: gender (female vs. male) × field of study (Physical Edu­cation vs. Physiotherapy) × attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities. Results and conclusions. The obtained results indicate that more positive attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities are shown by students of Physiotherapy than those studying Physical Education. The post hoc comparison of means in the statistically insignificant two-way interaction of students’ genders and their field of study indicates that the effect observed previously is caused by less favorable attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities shown by female students of Physical Education than by the rest of subjects.

Key words: people with intellectual disabilities, attitudes

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 57-62

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unikanie ćwiczeń ruchowych podczas lekcji wychowania fizycznego. problem czy zjawisko marginalne w szkołach podstawowych

Rajmund Tomik, Betina Bursy

Abstaining from exercise during physical education lessons. a real problem or a marginal one in primary school
Background. Physical activity of children and adults is considered an essential health de­terminant. Nowadays a considerable number of children and adolescents live sedentary lifestyles, and, as a result, more frequently suffer from the metabolic syndrome, cardio­vas­cular diseases, overweight and obesity. It is generally believed that a significant number of children abstain from exercising at school. However, representative research results are still unavailable. The aim of the present study was to estimate the extent of exercise avoidance at physical education lessons in primary schools, and to identify the factors increasing the proportion of nonexercisers. Material and methods. The investigations were carried out in 42 primary schools of the Province of Silesia; 1333 physical education lessons were surveyed (classes 4-6). Results. The mean percentage of nonexercisers was 9.2%. The proportion of girls abstaining from exercise was significantly higher and amounted to 13.7%. A lower percentage of non exercising pupils, i.e., 8.5%, was noted in mixed schools. The most common excuses from active participation in physical education lessons were leaving exercise clothes at home (45%) and excuse notes from parents (33.5%).

Key words: physical activity, physical education, abstaining from exercise during physical education lessons

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 63-69

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Ślad na śniegu jako komunikat dydaktyczny w nauczaniu narciarstwa

Urszula Sabat, Wojciech Wiesner

Snow ski track as a didactic message in teaching skiing
The ski teacher works in different conditions than other teachers, even different from other physical education teachers. The difference arises due to the season of the year and the venue of the skiing lessons. Such factors as the natural environment, harsh winter con­ditions, a potential threat to students’ safety and very strong emotions have an impact on human behavior, which is especially strong on the didactic communication on the slopes. The main difficulties regard the level and way of mutual perception of information. In search of effective methods of communicating between students and ski instructor we were attracted by the information value of the tracks on the snow. Each time a skier goes down he leaves ski tracks on the snow, which largely characterize the skiing technique performed. The properties of this track – its depth, radius, or type are dependent on many factors – including pressure forces, speed or force of friction. Raising the student’s awareness that the track left by him on the snow is the effect of the operations performed – may be an effective way of com­mu­nication. This assumption constitutes the basis of the research problem. How to improve the di­dac­tic communication structure in skiing? Can the snow tracks be the basis of efficient di­dac­tic communication? Teaching effectiveness largely depends on the efficiency of the process of communication between teacher and students. The paper contains discussion focused on understanding the effectiveness of teaching skiing on the basis of a practical method that takes into account the analysis of traces of skis on the snow. The presented material is the basis for development of teaching methods to be used in experimental research as an independent variable.

Key words: alpine skiing, snow ski tracks, didactics, didactic communication

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 70-75

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Próba określenia związku między sprawnością motoryczną a popularnością uczniów w klasie szkolnej

Krystyna Kapik-Gruca, Karolina Gruca

An attempt to determine the relationship between students’ motor efficiency and their popularity in the class
Background. The aim of the study was to determine the class hierarchy and to find out if there is a relationship between students’ physical fitness and their popularity in the class. Material and method. The research was carried out on fifth grade students of primary school. In the research the following techniques were employed: 1. classic sociometric tech­niques based on two criteria (personal ties, i.e. “mate at the same desk” and material ties, i.e. “class council”) and Korczak’s “plebiscite of kindness and reluctance”, 2. the physical fitness test by Z. Chromiński. Measurement of students’ motor performance was assessed by Chromiński’s test. The maximum number of points students could get in each trial was 100, and the minimum was 0. The student’s popularity in the class was calculated adding up the numbers of choices received in all three sociometric techniques. It was assumed that a popular student (with a high acceptance rate) is the one who accumulated the positive choices from at least half of the class and is not rejected (discarded) by more than 33% of his/her classmates. On the contrary, an unpopular student (with a very low or low acceptance rate) is one who received only negative choices, or was ignored in the selec­tions (both positive and negative) or his ratio of positive and negative choices was 1 to 3. Conclusions. There was a low correlation found between students’ popularity and their physical fitness.

Key words: motor efficiency, popularity and unpopularity, student, school

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 76-85

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specjalność wojskowa a sprawność fizyczna mężczyzn studium oficerskiego

Dariusz Lenart

Military speciality vs. physical fitness of male students at officers’ college
Background. The main aim of this paper is the assessment of differentiation of somatic body build and physical fitness of men with respect to the military speciality. Material and methods. The material was gathered in view of examinations of men who had completed twelve-month Officers’ College at the Tadeusz Kościuszko Land Forces Military Academy in Wrocław in the years 2006–2010. The research included anthropometric measurements, motor trials and a survey. Body height and body mass were measured. Moreover, body mass index and Rohrer index were calculated. The following functional traits were measured: run endurance, relative strength, trunk muscle strength, explosive strength of lower extre­mi­ties, speed-running agility. In addition, maximal anaerobic work was calculated. Results and conclusions. The military training did not comprise the element which differentiated so­ma­tic body build of examined men. However, this training turned out to be the factor which differentiated the level of the majority of functional features. Only the level of a relative strength was similar in all divisional groups in terms of the military speciality.

Key words: physical fitness, somatic features, motor abilities

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 86-93

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Poziom wybranych koordynacyjnych zdolności motorycznych a wyniki Międzynarodowego Testu Sprawności Fizycznej dzieci w wieku 10 lat

Marek Popowczak, Andrzej Rokita, Ireneusz Cichy, Paweł Chmura

The level of selected coordinative motor abilities vs. ten-year-old children’s results of the International Physical Fitness Tests
Introduction. During P.E. classes primary school students (grade 4) ought to improve their level of physical fitness, including coordinative motor abilities, as well as to acquire motor skills which enable them to take part in various forms of physical activity in an active and safe way. Unfortunately, in physical education of children and young people the main em­phasis is still placed on the improvement of fitness abilities. We have to bear in mind, how­ever, that the level of coordinative abilities limits significantly the improvement of ne­cessary fitness abilities and vice versa. Our research was aimed at determining what de­pendencies exist between the results of selected coordinative motor abilities and ten-year-old children’ results of the tests designed by the International Committee for the Standardization of Phy­sical Fitness Tests. Material and methods. The research group consisted of 93 students of primary schools in the town of Wołów. In order to determine the level of the particular components of physical fitness we employed the trials of the International Committee for the Standardization of Physical Fitness Tests (ICSPFT). For assessing the particular co­or­dinative abilities we used the following tests: ‘run for the balls’, ‘stopping the rolling ball’, ‘long standing jump with 50% of maximum possibilities’, ‘long standing jump forward and back­ward’. Results. According to research findings there is a relationship between the im­prove­ment of the selected coordinative motor abilities and some of the components of physical fitness. Conclusions. Therefore, a physical education teacher are advised caution in choosing physical exercises and games, taking into consideration comprehensive motor develop­ment of students, including their coordinative motor abilities.

Key words: coordinative motor abilities, physical fitness, physical education, children

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 94-98

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Poziom sprawności fizycznej mężczyzn rozpoczynających studia w Zachodniopomorskim Uniwersytecie Technologicznym w Szczecinie jako efekt szkolnego wychowania fizycznego

Agata Grenda

The level of physical fitness of freshmen entering university as a result of the implementation of school physical education
Background. One of the main purposes of general education and physical education is to improve the student’s physical performance. This is done by increasing the number of motor skills and improving them, which determine the organism’s state of readiness for effective performance of various types of motor tasks. Physical fitness viewed as a com­bi­nation of health-related components (testing strength, speed, aerobic capacity and muscle strength) and motor performance (testing coordination and power) provides students with a better motivation to care for their own body and health. The level of physical fitness of fresh­men entering university sums up, in a way, the effectiveness of school physical education. Adolescents are developing motor skills reaching the level which determines a better or worse performance of a given physical task (e.g. Cooper test). Health and full fitness are not only essential factors of human happiness, but also a fundamental social value. These values are not given to people once and for all and their distribution is not fair, so one needs to take care of them and shape them so that they could maintain in good shape as long as possible. Material and methods. The aim of this study was to present the level of physical fitness of female and male students (total number 2098) who entered the West Pomeranian University of Szczecin in the years 2005–2011. The Cooper test was used. Results. Each year the average of the most numerous group was always below the average for the given year. Conclusions. A gradual decrease in the freshmen’ physical fitness was observed, which results from inadequate work done in secondary schools.

Key words: physical education, overall performance, Cooper test

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 99-105

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Rozwój psychofizyczny młodzieży z lekką niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w aspekcie asymetrii czynnościowej wybranych zdolności motorycznych

Marta Wieczorek, Beata Kuriata

Physical and mental development in adolescents with mild mental disability in the aspect of functional asymmetry of selected motor abilities
Background. The cognitive objective of the present paper was to diagnose and compare the level of body lateralization in girls and boys with mild intellectual disability in the area of functional asymmetry of selected motor abilities. The practical objective was to verify the possibilities of using the functional asymmetry test in body lateralization diagnosis in intel­lectually disabled adolescents. Material and methods. The study covered a group of 44 individuals in total, that is boys (22 persons) and girls (22 persons) aged 15–16 years. To assess the functional asymmetry the Koszczyc–Sekita test developed at the University School of Physical Education in Wrocław was used. Results. The tests enabled the authors to formulate the following general conclusion: the lateral diversity of 1) upper and lower limb velocity and 2) strength of lower extremities in the investigated girls and boys with mild intellectual disability is statistically insignificant. Only the strength of the upper limbs has a significant level of functional asymmetry. The lowest level of asymmetry occurs in strength of the lower limbs. Conclusion. The investigation is the next step in diagnosing the state of lateralization in children and adolescents with intellectual disability. This is an issue which has been poorly studied though it is essential to be effective in such activities as learning and teaching. For the above reasons the diagnosis in this developmental area should become one of the most important elements of the teachers’ work.

Key words: physical and mental development, mental disability, motor abilities

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 106-109

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możliwości obniżania napięć psychoruchowych osób upośledzonych umysłowo za pomocą metody wintreberta

Wiktor Tylek

Possibilities of reducing psychomotor tensions of mentally disabled people by using Wintrebert‘s method
The aim of this paper is to examine the varied perspectives of relaxation stages and tech­niques used with mentally disabled pupils developed by the French neuropsychiatrist. This article presents evaluation of the widespread use of this method among disabled children and describes numerous benefits of its use in the regulation of emotional and neuro­vege­tative disorders, neuromuscular dysfunctions and neurotic syndromes. The extensive use of Win­trebert’s method gives almost unlimited possibilities of appli­cation in therapy, rehabilitation and education of disabled people; the described method may also be a important component of healthy lifestyle.

Key words: relaxation, techniques of relaxation, psychomotor tensions, disabled people

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 110-117

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efektywność narzędzi motywacyjnych wykorzystywanych przez kierownictwo wobec pracowników organizacji sportowej

Daniel Puciato

Efficacy of incentive instruments used in sports organization
The article is a review and its aim is to present a proposal of a measurement method of effi­cacy of incentive instrument in contemporary sports organizations. The research material used in this paper is of secondary importance. It is based on literature and bibliographic studies. A descriptive method was applied which is one of the induction methods. Mo­ti­vating employees of sports organizations consists in inducing behavior committed to achieving the goals of the company with stimuli that will satisfy their needs. The efficacy of motivation sys­tems in sports enterprises depends primarily on the competences of operational managers and human resource managers. They may use numerous varied tools to motivate their employees which may be classified as: material monetary, material non-monetary and non-material. However, estimating efficacy of an individual instrument is a fundamental problem for development of organization. With the fast growing sports market, intensive profes­sio­nalization of sports in Poland and a increasing number of the offered sports products, the importance of human resources will be growing; the competitive position of companies in the global sports market will be subject to their motivating skills.

Key words: sports organization, human resources, incentive instruments, efficacy

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Rozprawy Naukowe 40 - 2013, 118-128

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Polska adaptacja Kwestionariusza motywów biegaczy do biegania

Maciej Dybała

The Polish adaptation of the Motives of Runners for Running Questionnaire
Background. Despite a growing number of marathoners and evoking interest and attention, there is no tool to measure their motives for running in Poland. The study presents an adap­tation of the tool measuring those motives: The Motivations of Marathoners Scales (Masters, Ogles and Jolton, 1993). Material and methods. The original tool consists of 56 items divided into nine scales: (1) general health orientation, (2) weigh concern, (3) affiliation, (4) recognition, (5) competition, (6) personal goal achievement, (7) psychological coping, (8) self-esteem, (9) life meaning. Characteristics of the original scales are presented, including confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity measurements. The adaptation was made taking par­ticipants of the two biggest marathons in Poland in 2011 as the subjects (N = 126). Results. After the adaptation procedure, the 41-item instrument was built. The scales pre­sented have good internal consistency indices. Results of the reliability and validity asses­sment of the scales as well as confirmatory factor analysis of the model is as good as in the original MOMS. Conclusion. Adapted questionnaire is good enough for being used for scientific as well as practical purposes. It can be used for marathon runners as well as runners of other distances or even non runners. As a qualitative tool it can be also used for other disciplines.

Key words: marathon, endurance training, motivation, motives, scale

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